THEORETICAL AND ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE DEFINITION OF "FOOD SECURITY" AND THE ROLE OF THE PORTS OF GREATER ODESSA IN OVERCOMING THE GLOBAL CRISIS

Materials and methods. Empirical, theoretical, analytical and synthesis models of scientific research were used in this article. The graphic method of scientific research and the grouping method were also used in the work. Research results. The article analyzes the scientific literature and legal acts of the theoretical apparatus of the term "food security". This term was generalized to a single concept based on current events taking place in Ukraine. An analysis of the operation of the ports of Greater Odessa (Odesa, Chornomorsk, Pivdenny) was also carried out, based on data for 2021 and current indicators obtained from the modern database "Black Sea Grain Initiative Vessel Movements". During the analysis, it was determined that agricultural products such as corn (1.821 million tons and 1.757 million tons, respectively) are mostly exported from the ports of Chornomorsk and Pivdenny. Wheat, in turn, is in second place in the ranking of the most popular exported agricultural crops, but it is the first in the port of "Odesa" - 1.261 million tons. A rating of exporting countries was also compiled: Turkey took first place, followed by Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Egypt, and others. Conclusion. The conducted analysis of the current state of food security, especially the influence of the seaports of Greater Odessa on solving the crisis situation, indicates that, of course, there is a decrease in the export of grain crops to the countries of Asia, Europe and Africa, but the experience gained during the implementation of the "Grain Agreement" can be used in order to improve the transport management of food security of Ukraine.


THEORETICAL AND ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE DEFINITION OF "FOOD SECURITY" AND THE ROLE OF THE PORTS OF GREATER ODESSA IN OVERCOMING THE GLOBAL CRISIS
Topicality.With the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the russian federation on the territory of Ukraine, economic activity suffered serious damage, including damage to agriculture.Which in turn leads to a problem in the sphere of ensuring state and international food security.Aim and tasks.The purpose of the article is the theoretical substantiation of the definition of "food security" and the analysis of the activities of the ports of Great Odesa in relation to the regulation of the crisis situation in matters of international food security.Problem statement and its connection with important scientific and practical tasks.An important component in the livelihood of the country's population is food.After the development of the international strategy for food security, in the early 70s of the last century, by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the problem of food security has become a subject of constant discussion at the world level.According to FAO forecasts, the population will increase to 9.7 billion people by 2050.In order to fully provide such a number of people with food, it is necessary to increase the volume of food production by 70%.But russia made its corrections to this issue.
Starting from February 24, 2022, the war began on the territory of Ukraine.Ukrainian ports were blocked by the russian navy.Which automatically led to the disruption of the usual logistics routes that were responsible for the export of agricultural products, which in turn forced the increase in the prices of food products in the world and brought the countries of Africa and Asia dependent on Ukrainian agricultural products to the brink of starvation.
Allocation of previously unsolved parts of the general problem.At the same time, a single theoretical concept of food security, taking into account modern realities, is insufficiently reflected in the scientific literature.In the conditions of the russian-Ukrainian war, there is a need for additional research into the theoretical and practical components of food security.
Formulation of research objectives (problem statement).The purpose of the study is to analyze the theoretical apparatus of the term "food security", the role of the seaports of Greater Odessa ("Odesa", "Chornomorsk", "Pivdenny") in solving the crisis of international food security and the analysis of the activities of the "Grain Initiative" for the last three months.
Materials and methods.Two types of scientific research were used in the work: empirical and theoretical.
Empirical method.Observation is a systematic purposeful, specially organized perception of objects and phenomena of objective reality, which are the objects of research.As a method of scientific knowledge, observation makes it possible to obtain primary information in the form of a set of empirical statements.Empirical aggregate becomes the basis of preliminary systematization of objects of reality, making them initial objects of scientific research (Tsekhmistrova G.S., 2003).
Analysis is a method of learning that makes it possible to divide a subject into parts in order to study it in detail.Synthesis, on the contrary, is the result of combining individual parts or features of an object into a single whole.
Analysis and synthesis are interconnected, they represent the unity of opposites.Depending on the level of knowledge of the object and the depth of penetration into its essence, various types of analysis and synthesis are used.
Direct, or empirical, analysis and synthesis are used at the stage of superficial acquaintance with the object.At the same time, individual parts of the object are selected, its properties are identified, the simplest measurements are carried out, and direct data on the surface are recorded.This type of analysis and synthesis makes it possible to learn about the phenomenon, but it is not enough to penetrate into its essence.
Reverse, or theoretical, analysis and synthesis are widely used to study the essence of the phenomenon under study.Here, analysis and synthesis operations are based on some theoretical considerations, that is, assumptions and cause-andeffect relationships of various phenomena (Tsekhmistrova G.S., 2003).
An outline of the main results and their justification.The food problem has not lost its relevance over the years.According to the statistics of the US Department of Agriculture (FAOSTAT,2022) in 2021-2022, Ukraine ranked seventh in the world for wheat production -33 million tons.In the first place in the EU, if we take into account the total production of wheat in all the member states of the European Union.According to the Center for Monitoring Economic Data, the largest importers of Ukrainian wheat in 2020 were Egypt ($5.2 billion), China ($3.47 billion), Turkey ($2.44 billion), Nigeria ($2.15 billion dollars) and Indonesia ($2.08 billion).The largest buyer of wheat from Ukraine was Egypt (OEC, 2022).
According to the report of the Global Index of Food Security, part 5, in November 2021, Ukraine ranked 58th among 113 countries.As of September 2022, it ranks 73rd in the Index.Despite Ukraine's adequate food supply, the availability score has declined due to a weak infrastructural supply chain, armed conflict, corruption and political instability.Figure 1 shows the relationship between the indicators and the ranking of the Global Food Security Index (Country report: Ukraine.Global Food Security Index 2022).Since the beginning of the full-scale invasion of russia on the territory of Ukraine, all ports of Ukraine have been blocked.Export of agricultural products took place with the help of railway transport, Danube ports and road transport through the checkpoints of the western border.However, this method of exporting agricultural products was unable to cover the necessary amount of grain that would solve the problem of the international food problem of countries dependent on Ukrainian exports.
As defined by FAO, the food security of the state is a well-functioning system that provides all strata of the population with food products according to accepted physiological norms due to its own production and the necessary level of import of those products for the production of which there are no internal conditions (Rome Declaration on World Food Security and Plan of Action of the World Food Summit, 1996).
Methodological concept «food security» is derived by scientists from the concept of «economic security» (Rumyk I.I., 2020).According to the Order of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine «On the approval of methodological recommendations regarding the calculation of the level of economic security of Ukraine» № 1277 from 29.10.2013,economic security is the state of food production in the country, which is able to fully satisfy the needs of every member of society in food of appropriate quality, provided that it is balanced and accessible to every member of society (Rumyk I.I., 2014).
It should be noted that in the scientific literature and legal acts, there is still no single definition for food security.Accordingly, in Table 1, various scientific reflections on the term «food security» were collected.

№
The authors Definition of the term 1 2 3 1 J. Conway, E. Barber Ensuring guaranteed access of all residents and at any time to food in the amount necessary for an active, healthy life (Conway G., 1990).

V. Geets
A complex concept that includes two aspects related to the purely economic process of "food security" and its importance as a necessary condition for maintaining national security in its external and internal manifestations (Geets V.M., 1999).3 V. Shlemko This is the level of food security of the population, which guarantees the social and I. Binko political stability of society, the survival and development of the nation, the family, the individual, and sustainable economic development (Shlemko V.T., 1997).The guaranteed ability of the state to satisfy the needs of the population in the person of each citizen with food products in the necessary volume, assortment and quality at a level that ensures the health and intellectual development of the person, based on the principles of self-sufficiency in basic basic products and their economic and physical availability, regardless of the influence of external and internal factors (Golikova K.P., 2012).

O. Shebanin
The state's ability to provide a sufficient amount of food to maintain a healthy lifestyle for all strata of the population, regardless of their income (Golikova K.P., 2012)

M. Khorunzhy
The state's ability under any circumstances to guarantee and provide the population's food needs at the level of scientifically based consumption norms and in accordance with its solvency and at the prices prevailing on the food market (Khorunzhy M.Y., 2002).

N. Basyurkina
According to the author, food safety is divided into important aspects: -quantitative: the degree of realization of the current need for agricultural products.
-high-quality: satisfying the need for healthy, high-quality agricultural products.
-socio-economic: the growth of incomes of the population, which ensures access of all population groups to food at the level of subsistence (Basyurkina N.Y., 2011).

Source: formed by the author
Based on the presented theoretical material, it is possible to generalize the concept of «food security» as the economic ability and obligation of the state to provide the population with highquality food products, in the necessary quantity and self-sufficiency in food, under any external or internal conditions.
To solve the global problem of food security, on July 22, 2022, according to the proposals of the United Nations, the Initiative on the safe transportation of grain and food products from Ukrainian ports was signed between Ukraine, Turkey and the UN Secretary General.The first contract expires on November 19, 2022.
Food is exported from the ports of Greater Odessa: «Odesa», «Chornomorsk» and «Pivdenny», with the help of demilitarized humanitarian corridors, in the form of a caravan with a leading ship.The capacity of the sea ports allows for the monthly shipment of 3.5 million tons of grain and oil crops.
Before the beginning of the war, the port system of Ukraine had 18 sea ports, five of which are located in the territory of the occupied Crimea.As of November 19, 2022, 11.5 million tons of agricultural products were sent from sea ports to the countries of Asia, Europe and Africa.A total of 480 ships left Ukrainian ports.Table 2 shows the dynamics of ships leaving the ports of Greater Odessa (monthly).Figure 2 shows the amount of grain shipped under the "Grain Initiative" compared to last year.
We see that in mid-October there is a gap between the grain shipped in 2021 and 2022, almost approached the same indicators, but already in the 43rd week of 2021, the amount of exported grain increased significantly, while the indicators of 2022 remained at the same level.Also, in the 46th week, a sharp decline in the export of grain crops is observed.This fact is connected with the fact that in this period of time, the russian federation began to interfere with the actions of expert groups inspecting cargo on ships.Also, the russian federation threatened to withdraw from the «Grain Initiative» prematurely, thus the government of this country endangered the unloading of agricultural crops from the seaports of Great Odesa.
In Figure 3, the dynamics of tonnage by various types of exported products was analyzed.Figure 4 shows the analysis of the export of agricultural products by various types from each seaport within the framework of the «Grain Initiative» from the moment the agreement was signed until November 19, 2022.
We can see that from the ports of «Chornomorsk» and «Pivdenny» the most agricultural products were exported, such as corn, 1.821 million tons and 1.757 million tons, respectively, from the port of «Odesa» only 1.021 million tons of corn were exported.
The maximum amount of wheat, in the amount of 1.261 million tons, was exported from the port «Odesa», the minimum amount -920.897thousand tons from the port «Pivdenny».Next, the largest exporters of Ukrainian agricultural products within the framework of the «Grain Agreement» were analyzed.
Figure 5 shows that the largest exporter of Ukrainian agricultural products, as of November 19, 2022, was Turkey (142 ships), followed by Italy (57 ships), and Spain (55 ships).
Next, we will analyze each country by exported agricultural products (table.3).So, we can expect a trend to purchase repack from France and Romania (52,100 thousand tons and 13,200 thousand tons per case).France buys Sonyashnikov's oil most of all from its line (43.169thousand tons), and the axis of Sonyashnikov's oila total of 9 thousand.tons.
Turkey buys the most sunflower oil (150,496 thousand tons).Greece does not buy sunflower oil at all, but exported corn (88,514 thousand tons), wheat (33,906 thousand tons) and barley (8,685 thousand tons).
Regarding soybeans, countries such as Greece, China, Romania and France did not export this crop at all as of November 19, 2022.But Turkey became the most active country that exported 74,136 thousand tons of soybeans.
So, we clearly see that the conduct of military operations in the maritime spaces of the Ukrainian territory significantly affects the export of agricultural crops, which in turn, of course, cannot help but affect the international state of food security.Only during the initiative's operation, due to the inhibition of the aggressor country, Ukraine under-exported about three million tons of foodthis is the annual amount of consumption for 10 million people.
Conclusions and perspectives of further research.Based on the conducted research, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1.The «Grains Agreement» will make it possible not only to provide countries dependent on agricultural products with a sufficient amount of food, to reduce world food prices and to reduce the risk of a problem with global food security, but also to free up space in warehouses for a new harvest, which has a positive impact on the Ukrainian economy.
2. This study depends on the further course of military operations, so it is necessary to carefully monitor the processes that affect the intensive export of grain crops through the sea ports of Ukraine.
3. The term "Grain initiative" was extended for another 120 days.The Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine submitted a request to include the Mykolaiv seaport in the export of agricultural products.Therefore, it is advisable to continue the analysis of the activity of sea ports.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Correlation between the indicators and the rating of the Global Food Security Index for Ukraine Source: according to the Global Food Security Index

Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Number of shipped grain cargoes Source: generated by the author based on data from the Black Sea Grain Initiative Vessel Movements

Fig 3 -
Fig 3 -Dynamics of tonnage by different types of products Source: generated by the author based on data from the Black Sea Grain Initiative Vessel Movements

Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Export of agricultural products by various types within the framework of the «Grain Initiative» Source: generated by the author based on data from the Black Sea Grain Initiative Vessel Movements

Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Dynamics of the total number of ships leaving the ports of Greater Odessa Source: generated by the author based on data from the Black Sea Grain Initiative Vessel Movements