METODOLOGY OF REALIZATION OF THE INNOVATION VECTOR OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND COOPERATION AMONG TERRITORIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF UKRAINE

Актуальність. В умовах реформи децентралізації в Україні співробітництво громад стає одним із інструментів їх соціально-економічного розвитку. В той же час, даний інструмент недостатньо використовується в Україні в сфері інноваційної діяльності. Як показує світовий та європейський досвід, співробітництво територіально-господарських систем є ефективним в інноваційній сфері і активно використовується регіонами як всередині країни, так і в транскордонному співробітництві. Мета та завдання. Розробка методологічних і прикладних засад реалізації інноваційного вектору економічного розвитку і співробітництва територіально-господарських систем України, а також розробка класифікації моделей співробітництва територіально-господарських систем в сфері інноваційної діяльності. Результати. В статті запропоновано методологічні, класифікаційні, інституціональні засади співробітництва територіально-господарських систем, практичне впровадження яких сприятиме реалізації їх інноваційного потенціалу. Застосування територіально-господарських систем в якості об’єкту дослідження дозволяє підійти до досліджуваної проблеми не з позиції адміністративно-територіального поділу, яка передбачає дослідження міжмуніципального співробітництва, формування субрегіонів, агломерацій, конурбацій тощо, а з функціональної позиції, яка дозволяє дослідити міжтериторіальні інноваційні процеси крізь призму співробітництва в рамках інноваційних систем, виробничих кластерів тощо. І якщо питання формування регіональних інноваційних систем та кластерів є доволі дослідженим, то їх формування в міжтериторіальному аспекті є актуальним в теоретичному та прикладному аспектах для вітчизняної економіки. Висновки. Запропонована в дослідженні методологія реалізації інноваційного вектору економічного розвитку і співробітництва територіально-господарських систем України забезпечує системний підхід та визначає ключові орієнтири політики активізації міжтериторіального співробітництва в інноваційній сфері. Ключові слова: інноваційний розвиток, співробітництво, територіально-господарські системи, інноваційна система.

Problem statement and its connection with important scientific and practical tasks. According to the previous analysis, the regions and communities of Ukraine should be oriented on formation the favorable innovation environment that is a key factor of their competitiveness and basis of development in terms of decentralization. The world and European experience of the regional innovation development shows that the inter-territorial cooperation and formation of the territorial and economic systems on its bases gives the new impulses to the development [1,2].
The regions of Ukraine are characterized by the substantial imbalance of the socio-economic development, in particular, in the sphere of innovations. Thus, the Index of innovation development for regions of Ukraine in 2017 (Figure 1), that was calculated on the basis of author's method [3], showed the substantial divergence between the leaders of rating -Kyiv and Kharkiv regions and other regions of Ukraine. Index of innovation development for Kyiv, that leads the rating, exceeded the same index for the Rivne region, which is the last in the rating, by more than 50 times.
The problem of divergence of the socio-economic and innovation development is typical also for the regions of the European Union. The practice of the EU cohesion policy implementation has revealed contradictions between the convergence, growth and increase of global competitiveness of the EU regions. The inter-territorial cooperation and strengthening the quality of institutions and administrative potential at the local level are considered as tools to reduce these contradictions [2].
Analysis of recent publications on the problem. The issue of the inter-territorial cooperation was considered from different standpoints in the works of the following scientists: E.J. Blakely [4], V.M. Osypov, I.L. Parasiuk [5], V.V. Tolkovanov [6] and others. This issue was elaborated within the conceptual studies of the European Union dedicated to the regional development and cohesion policy, and within the USAID project -Local Investments and National Competitiveness‖.
The inter-territorial cooperation in the innovation sphere in the EU is supported by different programs. The European Innovation Partnerships is one of such programs. The innovations in agriculture are one of the topics of this program. As an example let us take one of the projects realized within the program dedicated to the elaboration of technology of the computer-assisted determination of the fruit damaging level in the process of harvesting, processing and transportation. In the Portugal region Montejunto, known by its fruit growing, one of farmer has revealed that 25% of his total fruit production does not manage to get to the market due to the fruit damaging. To solve this issue he formed the local network of 32 fruit producers together with the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria and COTHN Consultating Center. By joint efforts they elaborated the technology called -electronic fruit‖ which allowed measuring the damage caused to the fruits during harvesting, transportation, storage and packing. Through identification of the critical points in the fruits processing, they managed to minimize the fruits damaging and increase their market value [7, P. 4].
Allocation of previously unsolved parts of the general problem. The issue of the development of methodological and practical bases of cooperation among territorial and economic systems in the innovation sphere is very topical for the national economy since such cooperation contains, as the world and European experience show it, quite a substantial potential of the innovation and economic development of communities.
Formulation of research objectives (problem statement). Elaboration of the methodological and applied bases of realization of the innovation vector of economic development and cooperation among territorial and economic systems of Ukraine. An outline of the main results and their justification. Territorial and economic systems are complex formations with certain type of interactions, cooperation and interdependences of their components, that determine the nature and level of involvement of resources of the system-united territories into the economic turnover to reinforce the mutual development and reaching the synergetic effect.
It is necessary to distinguish the cooperation of already formed territorial and economic systems and formation of territorial and economic systems on the basis of cooperation. In the innovation sphere such cooperation is concentrated around the formation of innovation systems and value-added chains on the basis of innovations. The cooperation among territorial and economic systems is based, first of all, on the application of the existing economic principles and approaches, in particular, the agglomeration and scale effect that allow to achieve a higher efficiency, productiveness and synergy of the system, and, thus, higher competitiveness.
As principles of territorial and economic systems cooperation are determined the following: -reciprocity: mutual benefit, in particular, in the economic sphere, and resources exchange; -voluntary basis of mutual relations; -objectification: common interests, desire and capacities of the common application of resources for efficiency increase; -formalization: presence of formally established legal relations at least between two stakeholders; -legal standing: availability of competences and possibility of their executing; -resource availability [8]. key characteristics of the new regional innovation policy, which, in particular, includes the following: systematicity, cross-sectoral cooperation, -smart‖ economic growth on the basis of innovations, competitiveness based on the innovation advantages, decentralization, cohesion, inter-territorial cooperation [3]. The formation and cooperation among territorial and economic systems in Ukraine is based on cooperation among territorial communities, determined by the Law of Ukraine -On Cooperation Among Territorial Communities‖. Under the conditions of the decentralization reform in Ukraine during last years cooperation among territorial communities has been developing on the basis of agreements in different spheres. There are more than 600 of such agreements, however, only 3 can be classified as innovative, which include the following: -agreement on cooperation among territorial communities in the form of the common project realization -Innovation and technical support of the tourist attractions of the ancient city Helon‖; -agreement on cooperation among territorial communities in the form of the common project realization -Implementation of the innovation energy-efficient measures for electricity supply of the Lokhvytska Central District Hospital on the basis of renewable energy sources (solar energy)‖; -agreement on cooperation among territorial communities in the form of the common project realization -Implementation of innovation technologies for radiography in the Zhovkva District Council -Zhovkva Cenral District Hospital‖.
Due to projects related to the innovation sphere, in particular energy efficiency projects, their amount is a little bit higher, but in general, it should be noted, that such tool as communities cooperation in the innovation sphere is insignificant, that does not allow to realize their innovation potential.
Logical structure of methodology of the realization of innovation vector in the economic development and cooperation among territorial and economic systems in Ukraine is the following.
Entities of territorial and economic systems can be combined into two groups: -vertical: all levels of public administration, namely, territorial communities, united territorial communities, cities, agglomerations, regions, including cross-border regions, subregions, etc.
-horizontal: authorities, business, science and education, community representatives, nongovernmental organizations, and other innovation process stakeholders.
The object of the cooperation-oriented policy is constituted by the functional units, the development of which is based on the differential approach adjusted to the local conditions, rather than by the administrative units. One more substantial difference of such policy is orientation not only on the production process but also on the population and its interests.
The subject of cooperation among territorial and economic systems in the innovation sphere is twodirectional: on the one hand it is represented by the innovation system (functional specialization), on the other -by the chain of the value-added chain (sectoral specialization).
The forms of cooperation are determined by the Law of Ukraine -On Cooperation Among Territorial Communities‖, there are common projects, joint ventures, objects of infrastructure, management authorities.
The cooperation tools are determined on a case-by-case basis depending on the cooperation subject and its tasks; they can be aimed either on the development of the innovation system and/or on the direct elaboration of innovations for certain link of the value-added chain.
The institutional measures of the cooperation among territorial and economic systems in the innovation sphere are based on the tools of local economic development which includes the following: planning, organizational, personnel, directive, coordination, control, budget, communicational [9].
All in all, cooperation among territorial and economic systems is based on the reduction of the local innovation systems fragmentarity, mutual strengthening of the innovation development of territories and increase of their competitiveness and people's welfare as the superior value.
Implementation of the innovation vector of economic development and cooperation among territorial and economic systems is suggested in the following stages: 1) perception of the role of innovations in the socio-economic development; 2) identification of cooperation needs, based on which the cooperation models and related tools are chosen; 3) formation of a cooperation platform; 4) institutional support of cooperation. On the basis of the above mentioned methodology, the following classification of the models of cooperation among territorial and economic systems in the innovation sphere is suggested: 2020 ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ІННОВАЦІЇ Том 22, Вип. 4 (77) 65 І. Cooperation on the basis of interaction among regional innovation systems -formation of the innovation environment: І.1. Complementary (compensatory) functional cooperation -is the cooperation among territorial and economic systems in order to compensate weak links of their innovation systems. This can be the compensation of the lack of innovations supply, innovations demand, innovation infrastructure, staffing and/or financial support. The European cohesion principle is realized.
І.2. Cooperation of leaders in the innovation systems development -is the cooperation aimed at the mutual growth and strengthening of territorial and economic systems. The European coopetition principle is realized, i.e. the mutual strengthening of global competitiveness of cooperation participants.
Main types of cooperation combinations are shown in Table 1. The mixed versions of the outlined models are also possible.
ІІ. Cooperation based on sectoral specialization with a focus on innovations: ІІ.1. Complementary (compensatory) sectoral cooperation -is the creation of value-added chains ( Figure 2). ІІ.2. Sectoral cooperation of leaders -is the cooperation oriented towards the mutual growth and strengthening of territorial and economic systems with similar or close sectoral specialization.
Main types of combinations are shown in Table 2.
Platform-type models (platforms of open innovations) represent the mechanism of cooperation among innovation process stakeholders through the realization of joint innovation projects. Open innovation platforms based on the modern digital management tools, form the new environment for cooperation and creation of a new value, integrating knowledge from different sources, including users' experience, creating a networking effect. Open innovations platform became the integral tool of the new European regional innovation policy.
The platforms are based on the participatory action research principles, according to which the researcher directly participates in the research process, encouraging the target community stakeholders to the perception and analysis of the situation, communication with other stakeholders to find decisions and progress to a new development level. Concerning the companies, such platforms allow joining the innovation projects or initiate their own project, allow joining different cooperation forms (living laboratories, demonstration projects, etc.) that encourage and regulate the open innovation activity and increase the amount of implemented innovation projects.
The examples of the world-class innovation platforms are as follows: Innocentive, Nine Sigma, Demola, acting as the innovation intermediaries among customers, interested in innovation solutions, and knowledge holders. Such services are more efficient in the formation of partnership alliances rather than traditional development agencies. The platform basis provides the innovation process with the distinct structure and reveals market effects.
The innovation eco-systems are aimed at the intensification of informational flows and strengthening the cooperation, resulting in new knowledge, ideas, technologies, forming the basis of the economic growth, production of new goods, development of business.
The platforms arise in response to the need to insure the cooperation among innovation process stakeholders -business, government, science and education, public sector. The multilateral Internetplatforms in the digital format provide innovation services that drive a networking effect, production scaling and reduction of marginal expenses.
Basic mechanisms of the regional projects funding in Ukraine, in particular, the mechanism of funding through the State Regional Development Fund, do not facilitate the establishment of partnerships among business, science, education, public sector and participation in the innovation activity. However, the European regional development funds, in particular, the European Regional Development Fund, European Social Fund, provide for the multi-sided facilitation of such inter-sectoral cooperation, determining it as the precondition for funding. The same mechanisms are applied also by the national innovation development institutes in the European countries, like Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation -Tekes‖ that provides the financial support of cooperation between universities and private sector.
There are different ways of the innovation platform management. It can be a private commercial company like New Factory International Ltd, the Finnish platform-type management company that employs 10 persons with the turnover of about 1 million EUR, and cooperation with the higher educational institutions is provided by unified service algorithm. The management can also be provided by the subregional development agency, like Business Tampere created in Finland in the Tampere subregion.

ECONOMIC INNOVATIONS
Vol. 22, Issue 4 (77) 2020 Developed by the author -strong element of the innovation system -weak element of the innovation system 1innovation demand, 2innovation supply, 3innovation infrastructure, 4personnel in the innovation sphere, 5regulation in the innovation sphere, including strategizing and financial support The innovation platforms may be both digital (virtual) and real (material). Real innovation platforms can take the form of coworking centers, business-incubators, etc. to provide flexible opportunities for direct long-term cooperation. An example is the real platform in Finland -Campus-Arena within which different independent suppliers offer services to support the innovation cooperation between the university and business. This model reminds the concept of the -Innovation services mall‖ where services, complementing each other, increase its attractiveness for customers (companies, university researchers, students).
The concept of the open innovations platform can be considered as the inclusive innovation policy based on the idea that the more subjects are involved into the innovation activity, the more significant benefits it provides to a wider range of participants, including innovators or consumers of innovation goods or services. This effect is caused by the diffusion of innovations, knowledge flows and intuitive ingenuity. These effects are difficult to measure or visualize, however, as world experience shows, they are significant factor in innovations increase [10].
For the Ukrainian realities, the platform model of cooperation among innovation process stakeholders in territorial and economic systems is promising as it solves one of the most important problems of the innovation development of Ukrainian regions -weak cooperation among regional innovation systems participants that prevents from the usage of regions' innovation potential.
Ukraine already has the examples of the innovation platforms, however, their efficiency depends upon the orientation towards the needs of specific community, i.e. territorial and economic system. That's why it is suggested making the platforms a compulsory element of regional innovation systems in Ukraine.

Conclusions and perspectives of further research.
The methodology of the realization of the innovation vector of economic development and cooperation among territorial and economic systems of Ukraine, which is suggested in the research, provides a systemic approach and determines the key guidelines of the policy of inter-territorial cooperation in the innovation sphere. Key structural elements of the methodology are systematized in Table 3. Table 3 Methodology of realization of the innovation vector of economic development and cooperation among territorial and economic systems of Ukraine Structural elements Description 1 2 Activity characteristics: Peculiarities -divergence of the innovation development of the regions of Ukraine; -contradiction between convergence and growth and increase of the global competitiveness of regions; -inter-territorial cooperation and strengthening the quality of institutions and management capacity at the local level are considered as tools to reduce this contradiction Conditions systematicity, inter-sectorality, -smart‖ economic growth on the basis of innovations, competitiveness based on the innovation advantages, decentralization, cohesion, interterritorial cooperation Norms of activity cooperation among territorial communities is determined by the Law of Ukraine -On Cooperation Among Territorial Communities‖. (In Ukraine there are more than 600 agreements on cooperation among territorial communities, however, only 3 of them can be classified as innovative) Principles reciprocity, voluntary basis of mutual relations, objectification, formalization, legal standing, resource availability Logical structure of activity:

Subjects
-vertical: all levels of public administration, namely, territorial communities, united territorial communities, cities, agglomerations, regions, including cross-border regions, subregions, etc.
-horizontal: authorities, business, science and education, community representatives, nongovernmental organizations, and other innovation process participants Object functional units (territorial and economic systems), the development of which is based on the differential approach adjusted to the local conditions Subject -innovation system (functional specialization); -value-added chain (sectoral specialization) ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ІННОВАЦІЇ Том 22, Вип. 4 (77)

71
Continuation of the tab. 3 1 2 Forms common projects, joint ventures, infrastructure objects, management authorities Tools cooperation tools are determined on a case-by-case basis depending upon the cooperation subject and its tasks, they can be aimed either at the development of the innovation system and/or at the direct elaboration of innovations for certain link of the value-added chain Methods planning, organizational, personnel, directive, coordination, control, budget, communicational Activity result reduction of the local innovation systems fragmentarity, mutual strengthening of the innovation development of territories and increase of their competitiveness and people's welfare as the superior value Stage structure of activity: Stages 1) perception of the role of innovations for the socio-economic development; 2) identification of cooperation needs, based on which the cooperation models and related tools are chosen; 3) formation of cooperation platform; 4) institutional support of cooperation.