ORCID: 0000-0003-1711-6202 RESEARCH ON THE ECONOMIC INTERACTION OF THE LABOR MARKET AND HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR IN UKRAINE

Topicality The relevance of the research of the economic interaction of the labor market and human resources in the healthcare sector is growing today, as it is necessary to involve all interested parties to effective interaction, to ensure the flexibility of higher and vocational education system by adjustment of labor training to the needs of employers. Aim and tasks. The goal of the study is to analyze the interaction of labor markets and education, identify the main disadvantages of this interaction and develop proposals to increase its productivity in the context of meeting the needs and interests of the subjects of these markets. Research results. The interaction of labor markets and educational services can be considered as coordinated behavior of entities engaged in economic activity in these markets in order to balance the supply and demand for skilled labor, create conditions for socio-economic growth of the national economy through the reproduction of human capital and increasing the competitiveness of the workforce. The economic interaction of the labor market and the human resources in the healthcare sector of Ukraine has been analyzed. An assessment of the competitiveness of the field of higher medical education and its institutions in the context of the economic interaction has been carried out. The level of the economic interaction of the educational services market and the labor market has been determined. The process of harmonization of the labor market of EU countries and Ukraine has been investigated. The main causes and disadvantages of the economic interaction of the educational services and the labor markets have been identified. The directions of improvement of the forecasting process of the labor market development as measures of improving the productivity of the studied processes are suggested. The approach to determining the competitive position of a higher medical education institution using a qualimetric approach has been considered, where educational and pedagogical work, personnel, scientific work and international activity are chosen as parameters. The main factor by the parameter of educational and pedagogical work is the medical work, which includes the following evaluation criteria: the number of university clinics, consultative and surgical activity of employees during the year, participation in the creation of clinical protocols, the availability of medical qualification among the teachers, technology acquisition of practical skills. According to the results of competitiveness assessment of higher education institutions, it is proposed to determine the following levels: critical (low); sufficient (average); high (higher than average); excellent (very high). Conclusion. The results of the study indicate an unsatisfactory level of the economic interaction of the labor market and the human resources in the healthcare sector in Ukraine, which is manifested in an imbalance in supply and demand for specialists in the relevant specialties, the low percentage of employed graduates of HEI, the high share of unemployed with higher education and the absence of direct connection between the amount of expenses on the education and the quality of educational services, the imperfection in the information support system and the poor state of forecasting processes in the main indicators of functioning and development of the labor market.


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stakeholders in effective interaction, to ensure the flexibility of higher education and vocational education systems by bringing the workforce closer to the needs of employers.
Analysis of recent publications on the problem. Important contribution to the theory and methodology of regulation of labor markets and education has been made by such scientists as: O. Ambrazhei, E. Libanova, L. Ilyin, M. Karpenko, L. Lavrynenko, O. Martyakova, O. Chumak, T. Shestakovska and some others. However, more attention should be paid to the process of forecasting labor market parameters, given that the performance of educational institutions is delayed over time.
Allocation of previously unsolved parts of the general problem. However, more attention should be paid to the process of forecasting labor market parameters, given that the performance of educational institutions is delayed over time.
Formulation of research objectives (problem statement). The purpose of the article is to analyze the interaction of labor markets and education, identify the main disadvantages of this interaction and develop proposals to improve its productivity in the context of meeting the needs and interests of the subjects of these markets.
An outline of the main results and their justification. According to the definition given in the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, interaction is «one of the common forms of interconnection between phenomena, the essence of which is to reverse the action of one object or phenomenon to another» [1]. Interaction is a form of movement, development that determines the existence and structural organization of any system. In the narrow sense, «interaction» is «interrelated, concerted activity of different entities» [2, c. 39].
Thus, the interaction of labor markets and educational services can be considered coordinated behavior of entities engaged in economic activity in these markets, with the aim of balancing the demand and supply of skilled labor, creating the conditions for socio-economic growth of the national economy through the reproduction of human capital and improving the competitiveness of the workforce.
The subjects of the educational services market are the state, educational institutions, entrants and graduates. The subjects of the labor market are employers, public and private intermediaries, graduates. The mechanism of interaction of all these subjects is shown in Fig.1. Fig. 1. The mechanism of interaction of subjects of the market of educational services and the labor market Note: compiled by the author Therefore, the educational services market creates intangible benefits in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities of graduates of educational institutions. The choice of specialties is influenced by many factors, including the possibility to study at the state budget, the cost of education, personal preferences of students and their parents, fashion (prestige) for certain specialties and more.

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In the labor market, graduates of educational institutions form a definite supply of human capital, and employers provide a demand function for this capital. In order to satisfy supply and demand, direct connections between graduates and employers are possible, as well as indirect ones through a system of public and private intermediaries.
The lever of interaction between the markets of educational services and labor is feedback in the form of information on the balance of supply and demand of labor, which should be further taken into account when forming a state order for the training of specialists in certain specialties.
However, this is in theory, and in practice, throughout the entire period of independence in the Ukrainian labor market, there is an imbalance in the supply and demand of labor. So, for the period 2014-2018, the ratio of the number of university graduates and the number of available vacancies in the labor market ranged from 8 to 17 people per vacancy ( Table 1). Note that the overwhelming number of professions providing for higher education was characterized by a shortage of vacancies. The situation on the labor market to balance the supply and demand of labor on the labor market does not change significantly, despite the fact that over the past decade, more than half of the students studied at the expense of state and local budgets.
With regard to the market of medical educational services, the following should be noted: the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, as the main state customer for the training of medical and pharmaceutical personnel, is subordinate to seventeen state higher educational institutions of the III-IV level of accreditation (in particular, twelve medical universities and academies, a pharmaceutical university, a dental academy, three academies of postgraduate education), in which about 65 thousand students are educated, of which 25 thousand are in state at the order. In 100 medical (pharmaceutical) educational institutions of I-II levels of accreditation, the training of junior specialists (junior bachelors) with medical and pharmaceutical education, bachelors of nursing, pharmacy, laboratory diagnostics and masters of nursing, in which more than 56 thousand students study. About 20 thousand specialists graduate annually from institutions ( Table 2).
The training of medical personnel is also carried out in 11 educational institutions of a non-state form of ownership (4 institutions of the III-IV levels of accreditation and 7 institutions of the III levels of accreditation). The Armed Forces of Ukraine today have their own system of medical education, which is divided into levels with the corresponding volumes and tasks.
The characteristics of the health care labor market are as follows: at the end of 2018, 191 905 full-time medical posts were registered. The staffing of full-time medical posts by individuals by doctors as a whole amounted to 81.7%, as in 2017. The staffing levels of doctors (individuals) in medical institutions amounted to 78.0% (2017 -78.2%). In some types of establishments, staffing with individuals amounted to: in regional hospitals -85.7%, city hospitals -78.9%, CDH -75.7%, district hospitals -72.9%; in rural medical dispensaries -67.6%. Note: compiled by the author according to the data [5,6] The gap between full-time and occupied posts (i.e. the number of vacant posts) amounted to 23 644 units. (Table 3). Note: compiled by the author according to the data [5,6] The provision of junior specialists with medical education in Ukraine is 74.7 per 10,000 population  (Table 4). Note: compiled by the author according to the data [5,6] The share of people of retirement age among doctors in 2018 was 24.6% or 38 566 doctors (2017 -24.5%). The number of persons of retirement age among junior specialists with a medical education was 397 99 or 12.7% (2017 -12.9%).
The number of doctors in medical institutions (without managers and their deputies, dentists, statisticians, methodologists) in 2018 amounted to 103,783 people or 24.7 per 10,000 population (2017 -24.9) (Fig. 2). Indicators of availability of medical doctors-cough above the average in Kiev -33.9, Ivano-Frankivsk region -33.7, Lviv -31.8, Chernivtsi -31.7. Low indicators of security in the areas of: Nikolaev -20.8, Kherson -22.2, Kirovograd -24.1. According to the WHO Regional Office for Europe, the supply of doctors per 10,000 people in the European Region is 32.2 (2014). Thus, it can be summarized that the annual graduation of specialists of higher education institutions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine of the I-IV level of accreditation in the last five years exceeded the needs of the labor market by 23.7-47.8%. In 2018, the labor supply decreased by 4.6% compared to 2014, the number of vacancies increased by 14%, which led to a 24.1% decrease in demand over demand (Table 5). However, the balance was not reached.  [5]. Since the staff of doctors is determined by the number of hospital beds [6], this leads to a reduction in the staffing of hospital facilities, which means a reduction in vacancies and even the ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ІННОВАЦІЇ Том 22, Вип. 1 (74) 43 release of doctors are already working. With the reduction of experienced doctors, the employment of university graduates in a specialty becomes very problematic, which leads to an increase in the number of unemployed, non-specialty employment or the departure of specialists abroad. Balancing the demand and supply of labor on the labor market is possible due to the placement of a state order to train a certain number of specialists in each of the areas of knowledge. However, despite the fact that over half of the students studied at the expense of state and local budgets over the past decade, the situation on the labor market has not changed significantly. Even among graduates who received higher education for budgetary funds, the percentage of employed health professionals amounted to 31.5% in 2017, which is insufficient (Table 6). Table 6 The number of graduates who received a job referral in 2018 in the field of management of ministries (departments) in which universities are located [6] Names The analysis of information posted on the job search sites Work.ua, Jobs.ua, Staff portals, Rabota.ua, Head Hunter, HR-provider, Smart Solutions, consulting company Ernst & Young in Ukraine, the international exchange of freelance Proffstore, shows that the demand will grow for narrow specialty physicians [7].
Thus, the estimates of the State Employment Service and non-governmental recruitment agencies and intermediaries on the most in-demand specialists differ significantly, which indicates that the information system for the forecasting of the main indicators of functioning and development of the labor market is imperfect.
The economic feasibility of the functioning of any system is characterized by a comparison of costs and results. Considering that a certain amount of education expenditures should ensure the appropriate quality of knowledge and skills acquired during training, which in turn provide a certain level of labor productivity, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the interaction between the educational services and the labor market as benchmarks you can use the amount of education and labor costs of workers. Labor productivity is defined as the ratio of gross domestic product to the number of employed population ( Table  7).
The economic feasibility of the functioning of any system is characterized by a comparison of costs

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and results. Taking into account the fact that a certain amount of expenses on education should ensure the appropriate quality of knowledge and skills acquired during training, which, in turn, provide a certain level of labor productivity, we can use indicators for comparison to compare the effectiveness of the educational services market and the labor market the amount of expenses for education and labor productivity of workers. Labor productivity is defined as the ratio of the volume of gross domestic product to the number of employed population (table. 7). The data in Table 7 indicate a 34% reduction in consolidated higher education budget expenditures in 2018 compared to 2014. Labor productivity growth over the same period is 27%. The reason for this growth is a reduction in the number of employees by 11%, with GDP growing at constant prices by 13%. Thus, reducing spending on higher education did not affect labor productivity. That is, these two indicators are in no way related to the lack of a direct link between the amount of education costs and the quality of educational services. Increasing or decreasing costs is associated with increasing or decreasing the number of budget places in national universities. Note: Compiled by the author using the data [6,13] The discrepancy between the quality of education received and the requirements and expectations of employers is a significant factor in unemployment among graduates of educational institutions. The issues of improving the quality of higher education have been repeatedly raised in the publications of domestic scientists. In the context of reforming the educational system of Ukraine, the creation of the National Agency for the Quality Assurance of Higher Education (NAQAHE) was envisaged.
According to the law "On Higher Education" [13], NAQAHE was supposed to start its activities in September 2015. The mandate of this body for quality control of higher education involves the accreditation of independent non-governmental organizations (institutions, agencies, bureaus, etc.) for evaluating educational programs, learning outcomes and / or higher education institutions (their structural units), with a view to developing recommendations and providing assistance to educational institutions. . The participation of a higher education institution in carrying out the evaluation procedure by an independent institution is voluntary [13, Art. 24]. However, the law does not specify which organizations may act as independent higher education quality assessment institutions, how employers can be involved in the assessment processes, what criteria will be used for such evaluation. In addition, the activities of the NAQAHE itself have not yet been started. Currently, one of the alternatives to improving the quality of graduates' knowledge and skills is considering the introduction of dual education, which involves taking a certain amount of time to train a student in the workplace with the performance of official duties in accordance with an employment contract [ 14].
This form of education can solve most of the problems associated with the elimination of discrepancies between acquired knowledge, skills of graduates and the expectations of employers.
However, its implementation implies significant changes to the legislation, creation of every university of enterprises that will agree to participate in such educational programs, as well as conducting reengineering of business processes of national universities. All this takes some time, so the creation of dual education clusters on the basis of powerful educational institutions and stakeholders, in accordance with the Concept, is envisaged in 2020-2023.
One of the main reasons for the inefficient interaction of the education services market and the labor market is the imbalance of labor supply and demand, which testifies to the poor state of forecasting of labor market parameters. Ensuring a certain quality of such forecasts requires many factors to be taken into account (Fig. 3). Despite this, 80% of the experts who participated in the study of the problems of forecasting the labor market [12] consider the legal support of the forecasting and planning system unsatisfactory.
The use of individual indicators or parts of forecasts, unsatisfactory methodological support of forecasting procedure, lack of coordination between data collecting authorities and their processing units, low staff qualification, poor quality of software and computer hardware, low quality (reliability) of statistical data -all this indicates the practical absence of a system of forecasting the labor market. Despite the fact that the study was conducted in 2013, its results remain relevant to this day.
Among the most frequently cited reasons for the low efficiency of the system for forecasting labor market parameters, 34% of experts noted the low reliability of the statistics provided by market entities. The degree of reliability of statistical (reporting) information depends on the level of toning of a particular business. However, in this case we are talking about the fact that the current legislation does not provide a reporting form on the provision of information about the short-and long-term prospective needs of the enterprise in specialists of certain specialties. That is, data on potential volumes of demand for labor are determined on the basis of forecasts of the economic development of the national economy, therefore their reliability is very doubtful.
A significant problem is the division of responsibility for drawing up labor market development forecasts between ministries. Currently, the development of labor market development forecasts is within the competence of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine (Ministry of Economic Development). The analysis of the labor market is carried out by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine in order to develop proposals for its regulation, and the statistical information is collected by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine (Table 8).
The Therefore, expert judgment is mostly used to make forecasts. At the same time, various econometric methods have been developed and successfully used by domestic and foreign scientific organizations to estimate employment elasticity in the short and long term, to manage statistical analysis data, to make variants of forecasting labor market parameters depending on macroeconomic scenarios.
The mechanism and criteria for determining the need for specialists in a particular industry are also not clearly defined. The volumes of the state contract for the training of specialists shall be established on the basis of budgetary allocations approved by the chief spending unit in the state budget for the stated purpose for the respective year. The following circumstances are taken into account: the need to increase the educational potential of Ukraine; balancing the needs of the population in educational services with the state budget resources in the areas of training and specialties in accordance with the resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.
Another characteristic feature of the process of forecasting socio-economic development, and in particular of the development of the labor market, is its significant politicization, which is manifested in the fact that senior government officials are interested only in those forecasts that confirm its point of view or political position. Under such circumstances, understanding the essence of forecasting as a technical tool that allows you to develop plans for the development and activity of actors in a particular market is completely distorted.
Thus, it can be concluded that the scientific and methodological support for the procedure of forming forecasts of the development of the labor market does not meet the requirements of today, the information base for the development of forecasts does not contain data on the real need of enterprises in the labor force, the activities of the ministries involved in the development of labor market forecasts, requires coordination, the forecasting process is too politicized.
In order to improve the process of forecasting the parameters of the development of the labor market is necessary: introduce a separate form of enterprise statistical reporting on the prospective need for specialists in certain specialties and educational levels, with a submission period of three to five years to the institution that is directly involved in forecasting; to expand scientific and methodological toolkit of forecasting by means of modeling techniques using modern software; to transfer functions for forming forecasts of labor market parameters from the Ministry of Economic Development to scientific institutions, such as the Institute of Economics and Forecasting of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Implementation of the proposed measures will allow: 48 ECONOMIC INNOVATIONS Vol. 22, Issue 1 (74) 2020 1) to receive more specific information on the prospective needs of domestic enterprises in the labor force, to avoid formalism in the collection of statistics, to provide information to target users, to involve employers in the labor market forecasting system; 2) make employment forecasts by industry and occupation, obtain quantitative data on the workforce, monitor changes in the specific weight of certain professions over time, which will improve the effectiveness of vocational guidance, take into account the impact of labor force, age and gender composition, labor productivity on employment rates; 3) significantly reduce the politicization of the labor market forecasting process, involve private research companies and educational institutions in the process, use the best international experience in the field of macroeconomic forecasting, significantly increase the realism of forecasts, form an economically feasible amount of government procurement for the training of specialists in certain specialties.
Conclusions and perspectives of further research. The results of the conducted research indicate unsatisfactory level of interaction between the market of medical education services and the labor market of the health care sector in Ukraine, which is manifested in the imbalance of labor supply and demand, low percentage of employed graduates, high share of unemployed with higher education, lack of direct communication between the amount of education costs and the quality of educational services, imperfection of the information support system and unsatisfactory state of the processes of forecasting the main indicators of the function and development of the labor market.
The main disadvantages of the system of forecasting the parameters of the labor market are: inconsistency of scientific and methodological provision of the procedure for forming forecasts of the development of the labor market to the requirements of today, lack of information base for the development of forecasts of data on the real need of enterprises in the labor force, insufficient coordination of the activities of the ministries involved in the development of forecasts labor market, the politicization of the forecasting process.
In order to improve the process of forecasting the parameters of the labor market development, it is proposed to: introduce a separate form of statistical reporting of enterprises on the prospective need for specialists in certain specialties and educational levels, with a submission period of three to five years to the institution that is directly engaged in the compilation of forecasts; to expand scientific and methodological tools of forecasting by means of modeling techniques using modern software; to transfer functions for forming forecasts of labor market parameters from the Ministry of Economic Development to scientific institutions, such as the Institute of Economics and Forecasting of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
The directions of further scientific researches on this subject may be: development of a form of statistical reporting of enterprises regarding the prospective need for specialists in certain specialties and educational levels; selecting the most optimal forecasting method and determining the necessary technical and organizational support for its use; development of normative documents for transferring the function of forming forecasts of labor market parameters from the Ministry of Economic Development to a scientific institution.