RISK PREVENTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AT THE HEAT ENERGY

Topicality. The problem of anthropogenic impact reducing on atmospheric air is especially relevant to date. Ukraine ranks one of the first places in the world of mortality rate from environmental pollution and one of the main sources of pollution is the operation of coal installations. Most of the equipment of the large power plants of Ukraine is in the pre-critical state, it is morally and physically obsolete. Unsatisfactory condition of environmental technologies and non-compliance with international requirements of the cleaning of atmospheric air emissions from the thermal power plants are the urgent issues of the current international economic and environmental policy of the country. Aim and tasks are to determine the prospects of introducing and improving the environmental management system at Large Combustion Plants in Ukraine in the context of the National Plan for Reducing Emissions to reduce the environmental risks posed by pollutant emissions from heat power plants and the entry of Ukraine into the international stage in the field of ecology and energy. Research results. The article examines the main environmental risks caused by the operation of heat energy facilities and international requirements that Ukraine must fulfill in the near future. Also reviewed are the possible risks faced by the objects of heat power in the path of environmentalization. Based on the research, implementation of the ecological management system at Large Combustion Plants of Ukraine in the context of the National Plan for Reducing Emissions is proposed in order to reduce the potential risks of environmentalization and rational use of the resource potential of heat power sector enterprises. The possible ways of introducing the ecological management system and the impact of such modernization of heat power engineering objects on the international status of Ukraine as a country that has joined the international initiatives are determined. An example of a successful introduction of the environmental management system at the heat energy project of Ukraine related to large combustion plants and its compliance with the requirements of the National Plan for Reducing Emissions is given. Conclusions. The introduction of the environmental management system will enable heat energy facilities to rapidly and rationally transition to new technologies, fulfill international requirements and, in turn, reduce to a minimum the risks associated with atmospheric air pollution.

Problem statement and its connection with important scientific and practical tasks.Energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable use of nature are priority areas for the development of science and technology [1], therefore, at the present stage of Ukraine's existence, one of the priority issues is to ensure sustainable development of the energy sector of the economy and the implementation of international requirements for the functioning of energy facilities.This is possible if proper management of the environment will be introduced, scientific and technological progress will be used and Ukraine in the framework of modern socio-economic realities.
Analysis of recent publications on the problem.Scientists of the Institute of General Energy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine study the problems of the structural development of the energy sector of the country and the key directions of development of its fuel and energy complex taking into account environmental requirements.Researches in the field of modeling, forecasting and means of reducing the mancaused pollution of the environment by the objects of energy are carried out at the G. E. Pukhov Institute of Modelling Problem in Power Engineering.At the Coal Energy Technology Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, methods of diagnostics and reduction of pollutant emissions from energy objects are developed.

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Issues of environmental engineering of energy objects are considered by foreign institutions such as the Institute of Energy Studies (Washington, USA), the Institute of Energy (London, Great Britain), the Aberdeen Institute of Energy (Scotland).
Allocation of previously unsolved parts of the general problem.Since at present in Ukraine, low number of enterprises have implemented and confirmed the system of environmental management (SEM, hereinafter referred to as the Standard), especially in the field of heat power engineering, and the National Plan for Reducing Emissions from Large Combustion Plants (NPRE, hereinafter referred to as the Plan) has been developed and approved only in 2017, there are currently no data on the effectiveness of the introduction of SEM in the framework of the NPRE.
Formulation of research objectives (problem statement).The purpose of the article is to determine the prospects for the introduction and improvement of the environmental management system at Large Combustion Plants of Ukraine in the context of the National Plan for Reducing Emissions to reduce the environmental risks posed by emissions of pollutants from the thermal power plants.
An outline of the main results and their justification.The issue of atmospheric air pollution has recently been particularly acute.According to a September 27, 2016 issue, in the newspaper The Guardian, which referred to a study by a group of scientists at the World Health Organization (WHO), Ukraine ranks first in mortality rate by air pollution.In absolute terms, Ukraine ranks 6th behind China, India, Russia, Indonesia and Pakistan [2].In addition, the study showed that one of the main sources of pollution is the functioning of coal plants.
Also, according to the world map of coal-fired power plants developed by the Carbon Brief site (the site highlights recent developments in the field of climate science, climate and energy policy), all Ukrainian thermal power plants, which are presented on the map, are in a subcritical state [3].For comparison, some European countries are planning to shut down a part of a power plant in a similar technical condition in the near future, and countries such as France, Great Britain, Italy, Australia and Canada have plans to shut down all their TPPs at all.Since Ukraine has chosen a different policy, namely, the reconstruction and environmentalization of energy facilities, its activities should be regulated by international requirements.
It is important to note that one of the main goals of the Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2035 "Security, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness" is the integration of gas and electricity markets and relevant transport networks as well as Ukraine's oil transportation system into the EU energy space [4].That is, the problem of emission reductions is not only an issue of Ukraine's environmental security, but also an urgent issue of European integration.
Ukraine, which was a member of the Energy Community since February 1, 2011, [5] committed itself to complying with the terms of the Treaty establishing the Energy Community and its annexes.According to Annex II to the Treaty, all Large Combustion Plants were to comply with the requirements of Directive 2001/80 / EC on limitations of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants after 31.12.2017.Similar requirements are put forward in the order of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of Ukraine dated October 22, 2008 No. 541 "On Approval of Technological Norms for Permitted Emissions of Pollutants from Heat-Power Installations with a Nominal Heat Capacity of which exceeds 50 MW" [6].
Directive 2010/75 / EU on industrial emissions (hereinafter referred to as Directive 2010/75/EU), as amended by Directive 2001/80 / EC, introduced significant changes to existing EU legislation for large combustion plants.One of the most important changes is the more stringent emission limit values for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust emitted by large combustion plants.These requirements came into force in the EU for new combustion plants from January 1, 2016 [7,8].
According to directive 2010/75/EU, operators who service incinerators should carry out the environmentalization of their own enterprises for their own funds, this factor and significant volumes of work did not allow Ukraine to fulfill the requirements of detectives on time.
As the current situation with the operation of large combustion plants does not meet the European requirements, the National Plan for Reducing Emissions from Large Combustion Plants was developed by the Ministry of Energy and the Coal Industry.The final draft of the Plan was developed in March 2015.Finally, the project, with some changes, was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers on November 8, 2017, and on June 13, 2018, was approved the plan of measures for the current implementation of the National Plan for emission reductions from large combustion plants.
The main objective of the Plan is to reduce emissions of pollutants from large combustion plants such as dust, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

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The impact of such emissions was considered in the report -"Europe's dark cloud.How coal-burning countries are making their neighbors sick".According to the report [9]:  EU's currently operational coal-fired power plants were responsible for about 22,900 premature deaths in 2013: this can be compared to 26,000 deaths in road traffic accidents in the EU the same year;  The coal plants were responsible for 11,800 new cases of chronic bronchitis and 21,000 hospital admissions in 2013;  The health impacts of EU coal created an overall bill of 32,4 to 62,3 billion Euros.The risks associated with the operation of the heat power facilities are presented in Figure 1.
Analyzing Figure 1, we can conclude that most of the risks caused by the operation of heat energy facilities are related to the release of pollutants into the atmosphere.
It should also be concluded that the reduction of emissions from Large Combustion Plants is not only a question of compliance with international requirements, but also a socio-economic problem, since increased morbidity, mortality and loss of working days can affect the demographic and economic performance of the country.

Fig. 1 -Environmental risks caused by the operation of heat energy facilities
Source: developed by the author according to [9,10] Figure 2 shows the aggregate limits of gross emissions of plants in the Plan from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2033.As can be seen from the figure, the emission reductions of nitrogen oxides are observed throughout the all period of the Plan, while emissions of dust and sulfur dioxide should be minimized until December 31, 2028.It should also be noted that the highest emission reductions are observed for sulfur dioxide.Ashing of soil (ash slag-dumps) Influence on flora (metabolic disorders, leaves and shoots) Influence on the fauna (accumulation of pollutants in the tissues of the organism, the extinction of especially sensitive organisms, violation of the trophic chains) Human impact (short-term (limited hours of activity, loss of working days, etc.), long-term (reduction of life expectancy, increased mortality, etc.), impact on reproductive function (preterm birth, low fetal weight, etc.)

Fig. 2 -Cumulative limits of gross emissions of installations in the national emission reduction plan
Source: developed by the author according to [6].
Notes: *data are presented at the end of the year.
Since the main purpose of the Plan is to reduce the negative impact of Large Combustion Plants on the environment (primarily on atmospheric air), as well as to bring the functioning of the Ukrainian large combustion plants to the European requirements, it can serve as a trigger mechanism for the establishment and development of the environmental management system on the above-mentioned installations and introduction ISO 14000 standards that promote: -minimizing the negative impact of the organization's activities on the environment; -functioning of the enterprise in the framework of the current legislation, in compliance with the rules and other environmentally-oriented requirements; -continuous improvement of the existing system of ecological management; -exchange of useful information.All standards of this family have been developed in such a way that they can be used both together and independently of each other.The basic standard in the ISO 14000 series is ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems -Requirements with guidance for use.
The purpose of the Standard is to provide organizations with a regulatory framework for environmental protection and answers to changing environmental conditions considering socio-economic interests.
A systemic approach to environmental management can provide information to achieve success over the long term and create opportunities for sustainable development through: -protection of the environment by preventing or reducing the negative impact on it; -reduction of the possible negative impact of environmental conditions on the organization; -assistance to the organization in fulfilling the mandatory requirements; -improvement of environmental indicators; -control or influence the ways in which products and services the organization designed, produced, consumed and disposed of using the concept of life cycle that can prevent unintended shifting environmental impact at other stages of the life cycle; -achievement of financial and operational advantages, which can be the result of the implementation of environmentally-friendly initiatives that strengthen the market positions of the organization; -exchange of environmental information with stakeholders.This International Standard is based on the methodology known as Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA).PDCA can be briefly described as follows [11]: -Plan: establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the organization's environmental policy; -Do: implement the processes; -Check: monitor and measure processes against environmental policy, objectives, targets, legal and other requirements, and report the results; -Act: take actions to continually improve performance of the environmental management system.In general, the methodology describes a plan of action similar to that described in the National Plan for Reducing Emissions.Figure 3 shows the scheme of interchangeability of the concepts presented in ISO 14001 and the National Plan for Reducing Emissions from Large Combustion Plants.

Fig. 3 Scheme of interchangeability of the concepts presented in ISO 14001 and in the National Plan for
Reducing Emissions from Large Combustion Plants Source: author's development The only one missing in the National Plan for Reducing Emissions is possible directions for improving the implementation of emission reduction measures from large combustion plants.The introduction of the ISO 14001 standard will enable the Large Combustion Plants included in the Plan to evolve in this direction, as it will allow for international consultation with organizations and enterprises that have already introduced and refined their environmental management system.
According to the Plan, there are currently 223 Large Combustion Plants in Ukraine, of which 90 are included in the Plan, and which are expected to reduce pollutant emissions by implementing appropriate technologies (Table 1 Source: generalized on the basis of [6].
For most of the emission reduction technologies presented in the National Plan for Reducing Emissions, there are no enterprises or organizations that develop, sell or install the necessary equipment within Ukraine.This means that Large Combustion Plants must cooperate with the countries of the near abroad and use experience of the representatives of the heat energy sector, which has already been certified according to ISO 14001.Also, these technologies are quite costly.According to the national emission reduction plan, the total financial resources needs for gas purification will amount to 2,615 million euros, while the total cost of a largescale modernization of Ukrainian thermal power will exceed 23,5 billion € [6].
Sources of financing of environmental measures in the energy sector are indicated in the Plan [6]:

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-investment state funds; -the return to energy companies of a part of payments (more than 80%) for emissions for the implementation of environmental projects; -own funds of enterprises and funds of investors; -international borrowing; -other sources.
In particular, it is necessary to allocate such a source of financing as international borrowing, since the need for funds exceeds the capacity of both operators of Large Combustion Plants and the state as a whole, therefore, without the help of foreign investors, the implementation of the Plan will become impossible.
Over the last decade in the world, much attention has been paid to the environmental aspect of the operation of enterprises, and internationally, first of all, attention is drawn to the level of compliance of organizations with international requirements, which necessitates the introduction of the standard ISO 14001.This gives operators of Large Combustion Plants a competitive edge.This, in turn, can have a positive impact on the development of activities and lead to increased loyalty of foreign investors, which will enable to reach international relations and find sources of financing necessary for the environmentalization of energy facilities.
As can be seen from the table, some of the TPPs should start modernizing their power units from 2015 onward, and finding ways to environmentalization these objects for their operators is a top priority.Also, the implementation of the ISO 14001 standard at large combustion plants can raise the status of Ukraine on the international scene.At the moment, according to the ISO Survey of Certificates to Management System Standards in 2017, 223 certified companies were registered, with the total number of enterprises in the same year in the country totaled 338254 units [12,13].That is, the share of enterprises certified according to ISO 14001 is about 0,07%.
In a European scale, the country is also not competitive.In absolute index of certified enterprises Ukraine in 2017 took 35th place out of 50.From 36th to 50th place, countries such as Luxembourg, Iceland, Albania, Azerbaijan, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Andorra, Montenegro, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Republic of San Marino, Armenia, Gibraltar (Great Britain), Kosovo, that is, countries without a pronounced heavy industry [12].According to the percentage ratio of certified enterprises in Ukraine to the total number of certified enterprises in Europe, despite the large territory and the significant total number of organizations that have an impact on the environment, at present, the country does not make a significant contribution to the number of objects what certified on ISO 14001 [13].For the period from 2008 to 2017 this indicator has not risen above 0,4%.
Large Combustion Plants that want to demonstrate conformity with this International Standard can do this by:  making a self-determination and self-declaration, or  seeking confirmation of its conformance by parties having an interest in the organization, such as  customers, or  seeking confirmation of its self-declaration by a party external to the organization, or  seeking certification/registration of its environmental management system by an external organization.For example, the external, interested party may be: consumers, communities, suppliers, controlling organizations, non-governmental organizations, investors and employees.
As an option, the certification can be carried out by a territorial community because people must be interested in sufficiently clearing the emissions into the air to ensure safe conditions for their own life.
It should also be noted that the adoption of this standard does not guarantee the best results in the field of ecology.
In Ukraine, some large combustion plants have already introduced a system of environmental management, for example, Zaporizhzhya TPP, which carried out the modernization of the electrofilter at block number 3in 2014.Thanks to the new electrofilter, the output gases are filtered according to European standards.Thus, in Zaporizhzhya TPP was implemented and improved the ecological management system in accordance with the requirements of the international standard ISO 14001 [14,15].Such reconstruction consistent with the requirements of the National Plan for Reducing Emissions, therefore it is safe to assert that the simultaneous introduction of the environmental management system during the implementation of the Plan can serve as a good basis for the proper environmentalization of energy facilities and further reduce the risks from atmospheric pollution.
Conclusions and perspectives of further research.This study reviewed the environmental management system and the certification of ISO 14001 «Environmental Management Systems.Requirements and guidelines for application» not only as an annex to the general management system of the organization, but also as a crucial point for the sustainable development of the energy sector of the economy.The introduction of the environmental management system and the ISO 14001 standard will enable heat energy facilities to make a rapidly and rationally transition to new technologies, meet international requirements and reduce the risks associated with atmospheric air pollution.Also, it will allow Ukraine to become a worthy representative of ecology in the international stage.
In the continuation of this study, it is necessary to consider in detail the mechanism of financial support for the implementation of the National Plan for Reducing Emissions from Large Combustion Plants.It is also necessary, using the experience of developed countries and enterprises that have already implemented ISO 14001, to develop a detailed project of full environmentalization of one type of thermal power engineering, to identify potential operators that are able to establish approved technologies and leverage of influence in Plan, which the state should encourage the implementation and improvement of the ecological system management at large combustion plants in Ukraine in the context of the National Plan for Reducing Emissions.
The risks are caused by the operation of heat energy facilities ).