CHALLENGE " AS A FUNDAMENTAL CATEGORY OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY AND RISKOLOGY

Topicality. At present, the problem of methodological and methodical comprehension of the category "challenge" as a phenomenon of complex unstable processes of modern social development is actualized. Professionals dealing with national security issues and responding to challenges and risks posed by them today are particularly aware of the need to create a new potential for modern security management theory and methodology. Aim and tasks. The aim of the work is to discuss topical issues of system presentation and formalization of the "challenge" as a functional category of modern riskology and the theory of national security. Research results. Formed some theoretical and methodological basis of the systematic presentation of modern challenges as a source of risk situations, including an extraordinary (critical) character. It is noted that the progress of science and economic development, the exacerbation of socio-economic, resource-ecological and other contradictions and conflicts generate serious challenges and threats to the person and environment of his residence.The paper considers the results of the conceptual-categorical representation of the "challenge" and its derivatives from the perspective of the parametric general theory of systems. The place and role of the "challenge" in the system of risk management and national security are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the problem of "risk" as a consequence of calls and as an important category of risk management theory. Conclusions.The results of the theoretical and methodological comprehension of the "call" from the positions of the system-parametric approach presented in the paper are a definite basis for the formation of the conceptualcategorical basis of development and the theory of national security and riskology. In this context, the concept-categorical design of the "challenge" is seen as cumulative, purposeful or random changes in social development, which can lead to both negative and positive synergetic effects; specially formed new ideas, projects that determine the new transformation processes; new threats, new opportunities that affect the essential (indigenous) interests of communicatively dependent economic and other actors, and require, as a rule, urgent response.


Introduction.
Since the second half of the twentieth century there has been an increasing interest of scientists and managers in the problem of threats and dangers of economic, ecological, technogenic, militarypolitical and other nature, which in their integrated set determine the national security of the state.
In the modern science of national security, special importance is attached to the development of methodology and the theory of national security, risk management, etc. At the same time, there is a growing need for an appropriate refinement and deepening of the conceptual-categorical apparatus. Such a statement of the question, first of all, concerns such concepts as security, danger, threats, risks, damages, etc.
In this context, one should pay attention to such a category of security theory as a "challenge", which, in our opinion, is extremely important for understanding the problems of genesis and ontogeny of currently emerging threats and dangers, and for the formation of scientific bases for ensuring security.
Analysis of recent researches and publications. National security in the context of the problems of Ukraine is devoted to a fairly large number of works [1 -3]. National security is one of the central problems of public administration aimed at ensuring the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats. The objects of national security management are the most diverse spheres of the state's life -socio-economic, resource-ecological, political, territorial, cultural, information, scientific and technical, etc. [4 -6].
At present, in conditions of widespread aggravation and complication of threats and dangers in virtually all spheres of human activity, which are especially typical for modern Ukraine, the issues of the formation of a new nonclassical safety theory that takes into account the nonlinearity, instability, uncertainty and complexity of modern development processes are being actualized.
One of the important issues in the development of security theory is the formation of the conceptualcategorical apparatus corresponding to the requirements of time. These or other aspects of the formation of terms, concepts and categories in relation to the problems of research of national security problems were considered in the works of V.А. Lipkin [7,8], V.A. Dergachev [9], etc. One of the fundamental concepts of the theory of national security -"national interests" is considered in detail in the work of B.V. Burkinsky and V.N. Stepanov [10, p. 9 -13].
Previously unsettled problem constituent. Despite the rather large number of publications on security issues, the modern conceptual-categorical basis of the theory of security remains to some extent imperfect. In this regard, it is sufficient to point out one of the key concepts in this area, namely, "challenges (challenges)".
Aim and tasks. Proceeding from the foregoing, the aim of this article is to consider the concept of "challenge" as a fundamental category of security theory, which, firstly, would most fully describe and reflect the most significant properties and relations of the "challenge" in the system of various forms of national security; secondly, it could take place in a conceptual safety classifier as a specific type, type.

ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ІННОВАЦІЇ
ВИПУСК № 67 185 Results. In modern dictionaries and reference books on economics, sociologists and other sciences, the concept of "challenge" does not occur. In the fundamental work of V.A. Dergachev "Geopolitical dictionary-reference book" [9, p. 96 -97] this concept in the form of a challenge -and answer» is considered the well-known civilizational theory of the historical development of Arnold Toynbee in the multivolume work "Comprehension of history". Here, the "challenge-response" is associated with the "cycle of local civilizations", the viability of which is determined by the possibility of a consistent mastering of the living environment and the development of the spiritual principle in all types of human activity.
It should be emphasized that at the turn of the 20th -21st centuries. the term "challenge", with the half-day of American political scientists, has received wide application, primarily in the geopolitical, geoeconomic and military-political spheres. The dynamism of modern transformational processes in social development, the conditioning of changes and the need for an adequate response predetermined the widespread use of this term.
In the work of the scientist-economist I. Petrenko [11, p. 150], an attempt is made to define the "challenge" as a factor or a set of factors and conditions, not necessarily aggressive (threatening) in nature, but requiring them to be taken into account and, accordingly, reacted on the part of the object.
In one of our works devoted to the problems of forming a theoretical and methodological basis for studying national problems, including economic and environmental security [12, p. 126] the concept of "challenge" is associated with such meaningful formulations as subjective cumulative goal-directed, deterministic or accidental changes in social development or the emergence of new ideas, projects (programs), causing new transformational processes (changes), new dangers and threats, new opportunities that affect the interests of communication-dependent objects of economic and other relations, and require an adequate response to a new situation on the part of the objects.
Below, we will try to consider a number of general and special issues in the formation of the category "challenge".
The general formalization of the security problem, taking into account the challenges and other factors of impact, can be represented as the following functional dependence for objects F = f(C, P, H, T ', R, N e , D, М), where: C -challenges, P -problems, H -hazards, T -threats, R -risks, Ne -negative events, Ddamages, M -response mechanisms (anti-crisis management system).
Graphical interpretation of this dependence is represented in the form of a "safety pyramid", shown in Consider the place of the category of "challenge" in the system of national interests. "Challenges" and "interests" in the system of national security are closely interrelated. Undoubtedly, "interest" is defined, on the one hand, as causality of the actions of individuals, the social community

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(professional groups, classes, nations) and their social behavior, and on the other hand, external influences, including challenges as new dangers threats), and new opportunities. In Fig. 2 shows the scheme of the dual effect of the "challenge", along with other factors (national idea, national values, the country's genetic code, etc.), on national interests, which was considered in [10, p. 12].
Challenging the system is a subjective change of at least one of the system parameters (the challenge subject), if it generates the probability of object change of other parameters of the system.
The system is defined by three parameters [13]: -attributive concept, responsible for the properties (gradation) of the system; -relational concept, responsible for internal relations (structure) in the system; -the substrate responsible for identifying the system. Fig. 2. Axiomatic model of the impact of the challenges of producing risks on the national interests of the state The challenge can be formed not necessarily negative for the system by degradation, destructuring, deidentification, that is, the challenge can be positive or negative, depending on the expected synergistic effect.
A negative challenge is a threat. In general, the challenge is prerequisite to development -evolution, crisis, catastrophe (degeneration).
For challenges to socio-ecological and economic systems, we also apply the second postulate of I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada [14, p. 115], who argues that the quasi-elemental nature, that is, the practical uncontrollability of the vast majority of social processes or phenomena that can in principle be governed, allows us to refer to them in a certain sense as natural phenomena and to a certain extent abstract from the fundamental possibility of their modifying by means of control that substantially simplifies and facilitates both trend analysis and trend optimization, maximally revealing the great scientific potential of technological forecasting, that orientating not unconditional prediction, and to improve the effectiveness of decisions by purely conventional predictions as to "weighing" the consequences of proposed solution".
In the final part of this development, we consider it necessary to focus on the need to expand and deepen the theoretical and methodological studies of the problems of "challenges and risks" in the context of the development of the theory of national security (TNB). This formulation of the question is predetermined by the fact that the "challenge" and "risk" are actually the basic categories of the TNB. As is known, the conceptual-categorial apparatus is the initial basis of any theory. In this plan, we formulate a systemparametric model of the concept-categorical basis of the TNB, which is presented in The construction of this model is based on the ideas of the parametric general theory of systems [13], which we mentioned earlier. This theory of systems, using the so-called language of ternary description (from the position of "thing", "properties", "relations") allows solving the following problems within the framework of matrix-incidence analysis: the qualitative account of the non-linearity of complex processes by comparing the variants by using several criteria; choosing the best option from the set of possible options.
Conclusions and further researches directions. Summarizing the above, it is possible to formulate the main applied essence of the concept-categorical construction of the "challenge" in the socio-ecological and economic context, which has multiple dimensions. 1) In a broad sense, the "challenge" should be considered in the following sense: subjective cumulative, purposeful deterministic or accidental economic, social, environmental manifestations and other unexpected changes in social development that can lead to positive or negative synergistic subject-object effects; Fig. 3. " Challenge" in the system of the system-parametric classification of national security it is also subjectively formulated new ideas, projects (programs), causing new serious transformation processes, changes in objects; these are new dangers (threats), new opportunities that affect the essential (root) interests of communicatively dependent subjects of economic, social, environmental and other relations and require an adequate and, as a rule, an urgent response to a new situation on the part of the facility.
2) Assessment of the challenges provides an opportunity to identify emerging problems of possible risk events and to search for possible effective solutions. The problem of "challenges" as a very important scientific and applied problem requires the expansion and deepening of research.
3) The "Challenge" should be considered as a fundamental category both of the theory of national security and of the theory of risks (riskology), within the framework of which the theoretical, methodological and applied tasks of ensuring the protection of the vital interests of man and citizen, society and the state, prevention and neutralization real potential threats to national interests.